Public health nutrition / edited by the Nutrition Society.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. An Overview of Public Health Nutrition. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Organization of the book. 1.3 Definitions used in public health. 1.4 What are the key public health problems? 1.5 Food and nutrition policy. 1.6 The public health nutrition cycle. 1.7 Step 1: Identify key nutrition-related problems. 1.8 Step 2: Set goals and broad aims. 1.9 Step 3: Define objectives. 1.10 Step 4: Create quantitative targets. 1.11 Step 5: Develop nutritional programs. 1.12 Step 6: Implementation. Step 7 Evaluation. Further reading. 2 Nutritional Epidemiology. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Types of study. 2.3 Study design: sampling, study size and power. 2.4 Measuring exposure. 2.5 Measuring outcomes. 2.6 Measuring diet-disease (exposure-outcome) associations. 2.7 Interpretation of associations. 2.8 Expressing results from nutritional epidemiological studies. 2.9 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 3 Assessment of Nutritional Status in Individuals and Populations. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Dietary assessment. 3.3 Biomarkers as measures for the assessment of nutritional status. 3.4 Anthropometric and other clinical measures. 3.5 Errors in methods of assessment of nutritional status. 3.6 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 4 Assessment of physical activity. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Definition of commonly used terms. 4.3 Dimensions of physical activity. 4.4 reliability and validity of physical activity assessment instruments. 4.5 Physical activity assessment methods. 4.6 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 5 Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Ecological Level. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Definition of the ecological approach. 5.3 Individual versus ecological approaches. 5.4 Key principles in the ecological approach. 5.5 Intervention. 5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of this approach. 5.7 Guidelines for using the ecological approach to design nutrition interventions. 5.8 Ethical issues to consider. 5.9 Ecological interventions to change eating habits. 5.10 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 6 Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Individual Level. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Interventions of supplementary feeding, foods or nutrients. 6.3 Changing Behaviour without giving foods. 6.4 Evaluation of programs and interventions. 6.5 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 7 Dietary Guidelines. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Overview of dietary recommendations. 7.3 Quantitative dietary guidelines. 7.4 Qualitative Dietary Guidelines. 7.5 Steps involved in devising food-based dietary guidelines. 7.6 Visual presentations of food guides related to dietary guidelines. 7.7 Perspectives on the future directions. Further reading. 8 Food Choice. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The study of food choice. 8.3 Population issues affecting food choice. 8.4 Individual issues affecting food choice. 8.5 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 9 Public Health Aspects of Onernutrition. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Macronutrients, excess energy intake and overweight. 9.3 Obesity as a determinant of mortality and morbidity. 9.4 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 10 Public Health Aspects of Undernutrition. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Definitions of undernutritiom. 10.3 Clinical syndromes of undernutrition. 10.4 Micronutrient deficiency: hidden hunger. 10.5 Time trends and contemporary prevalences. 10.6 Etiology: determinants and conditioning factors for undernutrition. 10.7 Public health consequences of undernutrition. 10.8 Policy and programmatic issues in preventing undernutrition. 10.9 Policy and programmatic issues in reversing undernutrition. 10.10 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 11 Vitamin A Deficiency. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Consequences of vitamin A deficiency. 11.3 Epidemiology. 11.4 Prevention and control. 11.5 Assessment of vitamin A status. 11.6 Monitoring and evaluation. 11.7 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 12 Iodine and Iodine-deficiency Disorders. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Definition of iodine deficiency. 12.3 Clinical features. 12.4 Iodine metabolism. 12.5 Reference intakes for iodine. 12.6 Public health aspects of iodine deficiency. 12.7 Management of iodine deficiency. 12.8 Assessment and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. 12.9 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 13 Iron-deficiency Anemias. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Definition and clinical features of iron-deficiency anemia. 13.3 Iron metabolism. 13.4 Reference intakes for iron. 13.5 Public health implications of iron-deficiency anemia. 13.6 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 14 Fear of Fatness and Fad Slimming Diets. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Epidemiology. 14.3 Life-cycle fatness trends. 14.4 Definitions and descriptions. 14.5 Etiology. 14.6 Consequences for public health. 14.7 Prevention strategies. 14.8 Assessing body image. 14.9 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 15 Nutrition and Child Development. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Child development and the role of the environment. 15.3 Possible mechanisms linking undernutrition to poor development. 15.4 Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies. 15.5 Intrauterine growth retardation. 15.6 Breast-feeding and its influence on child development. 15.7 Wasting, Stunting and severe clinical malnutrition. 15.8 Iron-deficiency anemia. 15.9 Iodine deficiency. 15.10 Zinc deficiency. 15.11 Vitamin A deficiency. 15.12 Studies on the effects of short-term hunger and school feeding. 15.13 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 16 Infant Feeding. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Role and importance of breast-feeding. 16.3 Barriers to successful breast-feeding. 16.4 Breast-feeding challenges. 16.5 Potential feeding difficulties. 16.6 Breast-feeding and human immunodeficiency virus transmission. 16.7 Infant feeding after 6 months. 16.8 Monitoring the child\'\'s growth: the road-to-health. 16.9 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 17 Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy: The Role of Folate and Related B-Vitamins. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Biochemical basis for the role of folate in adverse outcomes of pregnancy. 17.3 Evidence that folate and other related vitamins play a protective role against adverse outcomes of pregnancy. 17.4 Prevention of folate-responsive adverse outcomes of pregnancy. 17.5 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 18 Maternal nutrition, Fetal Programming And Adult Chronic Disease. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Observations establishing the link between size at birth and later cardiovascular disease. 18.3 Potential confounding influences. 18.4 Findings for particular cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. 18.5 Determinants of fetal growth and programming: the importance of fetal nutrition. 18.6 Maternal influences on fetal nutrition. 18.7 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 19 Cardiovascular Disease. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Epidemiology. 19.3 Correlations between coronary heart disease rates and food intake. 19.4 Prospective observation of subjects for whom diet histories are available. 19.5 Cardiovascular risk factors and their nutritional determinants. 19.6 Clinical trials of cardiovascular risk reduction by dietary modification. 19.7 Nutritional strategies for high-risk populations. 19.8 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 20 Diabetes Mellitus. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Classification of diabetes. 20.3 Diagnosis of diabetes. 20.4 Risk factors for the development of diabetes. 20.5 Diabetes as a public health issue. 20.6 Prevention and management of diabetes. 20.7 Scope for primary prevention of diabetes. 20.8 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 21 Cancer and Diet. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Mechanisms of effect of diet. 21.3 Carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and progression to metastases. 21.4 Gene-nutrient interactions in carcinogenesis. 21.5 Epidemiological studies of diet and cancer. 21.6 Dietary constituents of interest. 21.7 Prevention: preventive potential. 21.8 Prevention guidelines for individuals and populations. 21.9 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. 22 Disease Prevention: Osteoporosis and Hip Fracture. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Definition. 22.3 Epidemiology: the scale of the problem. 22.4 The biology of bone health. 22.5 Perspectives on the future. Further reading. Index.

This is one in a series of texts produced by the Nutrition Society. Public health nutrition has established itself as a major branch of nutrition, yet there is at present no recognized standard text in the field. This book aims to fill that gap.