Neuroscience : exploring the brain / Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [817]-836) and index.

Introduction-- Descending spinal tracts--The lateral pathways--The venttomedial pathways The planning of movement by the cerebral cortex--Motor cortex--The contributions of posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex--Neuronal correlates of moter planning--The basal ganglia--Anatomy of the basal ganglia--The motor loop--The initiation of movement by primary motor cortex--The input-output organization of MI--The coding of movement in MI--The cerebellum--Anatomy of the cerebellum--The motor loop through the lateral cerebellum--Concluding remarks--PART 3: THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR:- 15. Chemical control of the brain and behavior:- Introduction--The secretory hypothalamus--An overview of the hypothalamus--Pathways to the pituitary--The autonomic nervous system--Ans circuits--Neurotransmitters and the pharmacology of autonomic function--The diffuse modulatory systems of the brain--Anatomy and functions of the diffuse modulatory systems--Drugs and the diffuse modulatory systems--Concluding remarks--16. Motivation:- Introduction--The hypothalamus, homeostasis, and motivated behavior--The long-term regulation of feeding behavior--Energy balance--Hormonal and hypothalamic regulation of body fat and feeding--The short-term regulation of feeding behavior--Appetite, eating, digestion, and satiety--Why do we eat?--Reinforcement and reward--The role of dopamine in motivation--Serotonin, food, and mood--Drinking--Temperature regulation--Concluding remarks--17. Sex and the Brain:- Introduction--Sex and gender--The genetics of sex--Sexual development and differentiation--The hormonal control of sex--The principal male and female hormones--The control of sex hormones by the pituitary and hypothalamus--The neural basis of sexual behaviors--Reproductive organs and their control--Mammalian mating strategies--The neurochemistry of Reproductive behavior--Why and how male and female brains differ--Sexual dimorphisms of the central nervous system--Sexual dimorphisms of cognition--Sex hormones, the brain, and behavior--The activational effects of sex hormones--Sexual orientation--Concluding remarks--18. Brain Mechcnisms of Emotion:- Introduction--What is emotion?--Theories of emotion--The limbic system concept--Broca\'s limbic lobe--The papez circuit--Difficulties with the single emotion system concept-- The Kluver-Bucy syndrome--The Amygdala and associated brain circuits--Anatomy of the amygdala--The amygdala and fear--The amygdala and agression-- Neural components of aggression beyond the amygdala--Serotonin and aggression--Concluding remarks--19. Brain Rhythms and Sleep:- introduction--The Electroencephalogram--Recording brainwaves--EEG Rhythms--Mechanisms and meanings of brain rhythms--The seizures of epilepssy--Sleep--The functional states of the brain--The sleep cycle--Why do we sleep?--Functions of dreaming and REM sleep--Neural mechanisms of sleep--Circadian rhythms--Biological clocks--The suprachiasmatic nucleus: a brain clock--SCN mechanics--Concluding remarks--20. Language:- Introduction--The discovery of specialized language areas in the brain--Broca\'s area and wernicke\'s area--Types of Aphasia--Broca\'s aphasia--Wernicke\'s aphasia--Aphasia and the wernicke-geschwind model--Conduction aphasia--Aphasia in bilinguals and the deaf--Asymmetrical language processing in the cerebral hemispheres--Language processing in split-brain humans--Anatomical asymmetry and language--Language studies using brain stimulation and brain imaging--The effects of brain stimulation on language--Imaging of language processing in the human brain--Language acquisition--Concluding remarks--21. Attention--Introduction--Behavioral consequences of attention--Enhanced detection--Faster reaction times--Neglect syndrome as an attentional disorder--Physiological effects of attention--Functional MRI imaging of attention to location--Pet imaging of attention to features--Enhanced neuronal responnses in parietal cortex--Receptive field changes in area V4--How is attention directed?--The pulvinar nucleus--Attention and eye movements--Concluding remarks--22.Mental Illness:- introduction--Mental illness and the brain--Psychosocial approaches to mental illness--Biological approaches to mental illness--Anxiety disorders--A description of anxiety disorders--Biological bases of anxiety disorders--Treatments for anxiety disorders--Affective disorders--A description of affective disorders--Biological bases of affective disorders--Treatments for affective disorders--Schizophrenia--A description of schizophrenia--Biological bases of schizophrenia--Treatments for schizophrenia--Concluding remarks--PART IV: THE CHANGING BRAIN:- 23. Wiring the Brain:- Introduction--The Genesis of neurons--Cell proliferation--Cell migration--Cell differentiation--Differentiation of cortical areas--The genesis of connections--The growing axon--Axon guidance--The elimination of cells and synapses--Cell death--Changes in synaptic capacity--Activity-dependent synaptic Rearrangement--Synaptic segregation--Synaptic convergence--Synaptic competition--Modulatory influences--Elementary mechanisms of cortical synaptic plasticity--Excitory synaptic transmission in the immature visual system--Long-term synaptic potentiation--Long-term synaptic depression--Why critical periods end--Concluding remarks--24. Memory Systems:- Introduction--Types of memory and amnesia--Declarative and nondeclarative memory--Long-term, short-term, and working memory--Amnesia--The search for the engram--Lashley\'s studies of maze learning in rats--HEBB and the cell assembly--Localization of declarative memories in the neocortex--Electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobes--The temporal lobes and declarative memory--The effects of temporal lobectomy--The medial temporal lobes and memory processing--The diencephalon and memory processing--Memory functions of the hippocampus--The straitum and procedural memory--Rodent recordings and lesions in the striatum--Habit learning in humans and nonhuman primates--The neocortex and working memory--The prefrontal cortex and working memory--Area lip and working memory--Concluding remarks--25. Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory:- Introduction--Procedural learning--Nonassociative learning--Associative learning--Simple systems: invertebrate models of learning--Nonassociative leaarning in aplysia--Associative learning in aplysia--Vertebrate models of learning--Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex--Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus--The Molecular basis of long-term memory--Persistently active protein kinasess--Protein synthesis--Concluding remarks.

PART 1: FOUNDATIONS:- 1. Neuroscience : past, present, and future:- Introduction--The origins of neuroscience--Views of the brain in ancient greece--Views of the brain during the roman empire--Views of the brain from the renaissance to the nineteenth century--Nineteenth-century views of the brain--Neuroscience today--Levels of analysis--Neuroscientists--The scientific process--The use of animals in neuroscience research--The cost of ignorance: nervous system disorders--Concluding remarks -- 2. Neurons and glia:- Introduction--The neuron doctrine--The golgi stain--Cajal\'s contribution--The prototypical neuron--The soma--The neuronal membrane--The cytoskeleton--The axon--Dendrites--Classifying neurons--Classification based on the number of neurites--Classification based on dendrites--Classification based on connections--classification based on axon length--Classification based on neurotransmitter--Astrocytes--Myelinating glia--Other non-neuronal cells--Concluding remarks -- 3. The neuronal membrane at rest:- Introduction--The cast of chemicals--Cytosoland extracellular fluid--The phospholipid membrane--Protein--The movement of ions--Diffusion--Electricity--The ionic basis of the resting membrane potential--Equilibrium potentials--The distribution of ions across the membrane--Relative ion permeabilities of the membrane at rest--Concluding remarks -- 4. The action potential:- Introduction--Properties of the action potential--The Ups and downs of an action potential--The generation of an action potential--The generation of multiple action potentials--The action potential in theory--Membrane currents and conductances--The ins and outs of an action potential--The action potential, in reality--The voltage-gated sodium channel--voltage-gated potassium channels--Putting the pieces together--Action potential conduction--factors influencing conduction velocity--Myelin and saltatory conduction --Action potentials, axons, and dendrites--Concluding remarks -- 5. Synaptic transmission:- Introduction--Types of synapses--Electrical synapses--Chemical synapses--Principles of chemical synaptic transmission--Neurotransmitters--Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage--Neurotransmitter release--Neurotransmitter receptors and effectors--Neurotransmitter recovery and degradation--Neuropharmacology--Principles of synaptic integration--The integration of EPSPs The contribution of dendritic properties to synaptic integration--Inhibition Modulation--Concluding remarks -- 6. Neurotransmitter systems:- Introduction--Studying neurotransmitter systems--Localization of transmitters and transmitter-synthesizing enzymes--Studying transmitter release--Studying synaptic mimicry--Studying receptors--Neurotransmitter chemistry--Cholinergic neurons--Catecholaminergic neurons--Serotonergic neurons--Amino acidergic neurons--Other neurotransmitter candidates and intercellular messengers--Transmitter-gated channels--The basic structure of transmitter-gated channels--Amino acid-gated channels--G-Protein-coupled receptors and effectors--The basic structure of G-protein-coupled receptors--The ubiquitous G-proteins --G-proteins-coupled effector systems--Divergence and convergence in neurotransmitter systems--Concluding remarks -- 7. The structure of the nervous system:- Introduction--Gross organization of the mammalian nervous system--Anatomical references--The central nervous system--The peripheral nervous system--The cranial nerves--The meninges--The ventricular system--Imaging the living brain--Understanding CNS structure through development--Formation of the neural tube--Three primary brain vesicles--Differentiation of the forebrain--Differentiation of the Midbrain--Differentiation of the Hindbrain--Differentiation of the spinal cord--Putting the pieces together--Special features of the human CNS---A guide to the cerebral cortex--Types of cerebral cortex--Areas of neocortex--Concluding remarks--PART 2: SENSORY AND MOTOR SYSTEMS:- 8. The chemical senses:- Introduction--Taste--The basic tastes--The organs of taste--Taste receptor cells--Mechanisms of taste transduction--Central taste pathways--The neural coding of taste--Smell--The organs of smell--Olfactory receptor neurons--Central olfactory pathways--Spatial and temporal representations of olfactory information--Concluding remarks -- 9. The eye:- Introduction--Properties of light--Light--Optics--The structure of the eye--Gross anatomy of the eye--Ophthalmoscopic appearance of the eye-- Cross-sectional anatomy of the eye--Image formation by the eye--Refraction by the cornea--Accommodation by the lens--The pupillary light reflex--The visual field--Visual acuity--Microscopic anatomy of the retina--The laminar organization of the retins--Photoceptor structure--Regional differences in retinal structure--Phototransduction--Phototransduction in rods--Phototransduction in cones--Dark and light adaptation--Retinal processing--Transformations in the outer plexiform layer--Retinal output--Ganglion cell receptive fields--Types of ganglion cells--Parallel processing--Concluding remarks-- 10. The central visual system:- Introduction--The retinofugal projection--The optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract--Right and left visual hemifields--Targets of the optic tract--The lateral geniculate nucleus--The segregation of input by the eye and by ganglion cell type--Receptive fields--Nonretinal inputs to the LGN--Anatomy of the striate cortex--Retinotopy--Lamination of the striate cortex--Inputs and outputs of the striate cortex--Cytochrome oxidase blobs--Physiology of the striate cortex--Receptive fields-- Parallel pathways and cortical modules--Beyond striate cortex--The dorsal stream--The ventral stream--From single neurons to perception--From photoreceptors to grandmother cells--Parallel processing and perception--Concluding remarks-- 11. The auditory and vestibular systems:- Introduction--The natue of sound--The structure of the auditory system--The middle ear--Components of the middle ear--Sound force amplification by the ossicles--The attenuation reflex--The inner ear--Anatomy of the cochlea--Physiology of the cochlea--Central auditory processes--The anatomy of auditory pathways--Response properties of neurons in the auditory pathway--Encoding sound intensity and frequency--Stimulus intensity--Stikulus frequency, tonotopy, and phase locking--Mechanisms of sound localization--Localization of sound in the horizontal plane--Localization of sound in the vertical plane--Auditory cortex--Neuronal response properties--The effects of auditory cortical lesions and ablation--The vestibular system--The vestibular labyrinth--The otolith organs--The semicircular canals--Central vestibular pathways and vestibular reflexes--Vestibular pathology--Concluding remarks-- 12. The somatic sensory system:- Introduction--Touch--Mechanoreceptors of the skin--Primary afferent axons--The spinal cord--The Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway--The trigeminal touch pathway--Somatosensory cortex--Nociceptors and the transduction of painful stimuli--Primary afferents and spinal mechanisms--Ascending pain pathways--The regulation of pain--Temperature--Thermoreceptors--The temperature pathway--Concluding remarks -- 13. Spinal control of movement:- Introduction--The somatic motor system--The lower motor neurons--Types of motor units--Excitation-contraction coupling--Muscle fiber structure--The molecular basis of muscle--Contraction--Spinal control of motor units--Proprioception from muscle spindles--Gamma motor neurons--Proprioception from golgi tendon organs--Spinal interneurons--The generation of spinal motor programs for walking-- Concluding remarks--14. Brain Control of Movement:-