Breastfeeding and human lactation.

Previous ed.: 2005.

CD-ROM.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

The Alveolar Subunit--

SECTION 1: HISTORICAL AND WORK PERSPECTIVES:- 1. The Lactation Specialist: Roles and Responsibilities:- History--Do lactation consultants make a difference?--Certification--ILCA--Getting a job as a lactation consultant--Interviewing for a job--Gaining clinical experience--Medical clinics--Lactation consultant education--Lactation programs--Workload issues--Developing a lactation program--Marketing--The unique characteristics of counseling breastfeeding women--Roles and responsibilities--Stages of role development--Lactation consultants in the community setting--Worksite lactation programs--Medical office--Lactation consultants and volunteer counselors--Mentoring and networking--Reporting and charting: Narrative charting--Problem-oriented charting--Electronic health records--Clinical care plans--Legal concerns:Confidentiality--Intellectual property rights--Ethics: Ethical questions that come up in practice--The WHO code--Moral dilemmas--Ethical dilemmas--Ethics vs. Morality--Principles of ethics--Ethics and discipline committee--Reimbursement: Insurance and third-party payment--Coding--Private Practice: The business of doing business--Payment and Fees--Partnership--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--2. Tides in Breastfeeding Practices:- Large-scale surveys--Other evidence--The biological norm in infant feeding: Early human evolution--Early breastfeeding practices--Infant feeding: Alternatives of maternal breastfeeding--Wet-nursing--Hand-fed foods--Age of the infant at introduction of hand-feeding--Technological innovations in infant feeding:- The social context--The technological context--The role of the medical community--Accommodation between physicians, other health professionals, and infant milk manufacturers--The prevalence of breastfeeding--United states--Non-western regions--The cost of not breastfeeding--Health risks of using manufactured substitutes for human milk--Economic costs of using manufactured substitutes for human milk--The promotion of breastfeeding--Breastfeeding promotion in the United States--International breastfeeding promotion --Private support movements--Summary--Key concepts--References--SECTION 2: ANATOMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPERATIVES:-3. Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation: Mammogenesis--Breast structure--Nipple size--Areolar glands (AG)--Variations--Pregnancy--Lactogenesis--Delay in lactogenesis--Hormonal influences--Progesterone--Prolactin--Cortisol--Thyroid-stimulating hormone--Prolactin-inhibiting factor--Oxytocin--Milk production--Autocrine versus endocrine--Feedback inhibitor of lactation--Galactopoiesis--Galactorrhea--Clinical Implications: Mother--Breast assessment-- Classification of nipple function--Concepts to practice--Newborn oral develoopment--The palate--The tongue and lips--The epiglottis--The larynx--The cheeks--Suckling--Breathing, suckling, and pacing--Frequency of feedings--Summary--Key concepts--Rererences--Appendix 3-A: Suck training for breastfeeding--4. The Biological Specificity of Breastmilk:- Milk synthesis and maturational changes--Energy, Volume, and growth--Caloric density--Milk volume and storage capacity--Differences in milk volume between breasts--Infant growth--Color--Nutritional values--Fat--Lactose--Protein--Vitamins and micronutrients--Minerals--Preterm milk--Anti-Infective properties--Gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease--Respiratory illness--Otitis media--Controversies and claims--Chronic disease Protection: Childhood cancer--Allergies and atopic disease--Asthma--The Immune System: Active versus passive immunity --Cells--Antibiotics and immunoglobulins--Nonantibody antibacterial protection--Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatingcomponnents--Bioactive Components:Enzymes--Growth factors and hormones--Taurine--Implications for clinical practice--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--Appendix 4-A: Composition of human colostrum and mature breastmilk--5. Drug Therapy and Breastfeeding:- Introduction--The Alveolar subunit--Drug transfer into human milk--

Passive diffusion of drugs into milk--Ion trapping--Molecular weight--Lipophilicity--Milk/plasma ratio--Maternal plasma levels--Bioavailability--Drug Metabolites--Calculating Infant Exposure--Unique infant factors--Maternal factors--Minimizing the risk--Effect of medications on milk production--Drugs that may inhibit milk production--Drugs that may stimulate milk production--Review of selected drug classes--Analgesics--Antibiotics--Antihypertensives--Psychotherapeutic agents--Corticosteroids--Thyroid and antithyroid medications--Drugs of abuse--Radioisotopes--Radiocontrast agents--Summary--Key concepts--References--6. Viruses and Breastfeeding:- Introduction--HIV and infant feedint--Exclusive breastfeeding--Healthcare practitioners--Herpes simplex virus--Chickenpox/Varicella--Cytomegalovirus--Rubella--Hepatitis B--Hepatitis C--Human Lymphotropic virus--West nile virus--Implications for practice--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--SECTION 3: PRENATAL, PERINATAL, AND POSTNATAL PERIODS:- 7. Perinatal and Intrapartum Care--Breastfeeding preparation--Early feedings--Epidurals and other birth practices--Skin-to-skin (Kangaroo) care--Pain medications--Feeding positions--The infant who has not latched on--Late-Preterm infants--Feeding methods--Nipple shields--Hypoglycemia--Cesarean births--Breast engorgement--Breast edema--Hand expression--Clinical Implications--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--8. Postpartum Care--Immediate Postbirth events--Common pproblems in the early days and weeks--Nipple pain--Engorgement + milkstasis = Involution--Milk supply--Breast massage--Nausea during milk ejection reflux--Clothing, leaking, bras, and breast pads--Infant Concerns--Multiple infants--Breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem nursing--Sleeping, SIDS, and bed sharing--Clinical implications--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--9. Breast-Related Problems:- Nipple variations--Plugged ducts--Mastitis--Breast Abscess--Breast and nipple rashes, lesions, and eczema--Candidiasis (Thrush)--Breast pain--Vasospasm--Milk blister--Mammoplasty--Breast lumps and surgery--Bleeding from the breast--Breast cancer--Clinical implications--Summary--Key concepts--internet resources--References--10. Low Intake in the Breastfed Infant: Maternal and Infant Considerations--Introduction--Global standards for Optimal growth: The WHO child growth standards--U.S. Growth Curves: Comparison to WHO child growth standards--Onset of lactation and newborn weight loss--Initial newborn weight loss and early weight gain--Low intake and low milk supply: Definitions and incidence of occurrence: confusing terminology and nonstandardized research--Abnormal Patterns of Growth: The Baby Who Appears Healthy--Abnormal patterns of Growth: The Baby with Obvious Illness--Maternal Considerations: The Mother who Appears Healthy--Maternal Considerations: Obvious Illness--History, Physical Exam, and Differential Diagnosis--Clinical Management--Intervention--Special Techniques for Management of Low Intake or Low Supply--Summary--Key Concepts--Internet Resources--References--11. Jaundice and the Breastfed Baby:- Neonatal Jaundice--Assessment of Jaundice--Postnatal pattern of Jaundice--Breastmilk Jaundice--Starvation Jaundice--Hyperbilirubinemia--Bilrubin encephalopathy--Evaluation of Jaundice--Diagnostic Assessment--Management of Jaundice--Acknowledgement--Summary--Key concepts--Internet Resources--References--12. Breast Pumps and Other Technologies:- Concerns of Mothers--Hormonal Considerations--Pumps--A Comparison of Pumps--Simultaneous and/or Sequential Pumping--Flanges--Pedal Pumps--Clinical Implications Regarding Breast Pumps--Cleaning Pumps--Masternal Concerns and Education Needs--When Pumps Cause Problems--Sample guidelines for Pumping--Common pumping problems--Nipple shields--Breast Shells--Feeding-Tube Devices--Summary--Key Concepts--Resources

for Mothers--Internet Resources--References--Appendix 12-A: Manufacturers/Distributors of Breast Pumps--13. Breastfeeding the Preterm Infant:- Suitability of Human Milk for Preterm Infants--Mothers of preterm infants--Rates of Breastfeeding Initiation and duration--Research-based lactation support services--Initiation of mechanical milk expression--Maintaining Maternal milk volume--Evidence-based guidelines for milk collection, storage, and feeding--Special issues regarding the feeding of EMM--Feeding at Breast in the NICU--Progression of In-Hospital Breastfeeding--Discharge planning for Postdischarge breastfeeding--Postdischarge breastfeeding management--Summary--Key Concepts--Internet Resources--References--Appendix 13-A: The Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS)--14. Donor Human Milk Banking:- Introduction--Use of Donor Milk--History of Donor Milk Banking--Donor Milk Globally--Safety--Availability--Informal Sharing or Sale of Milk and Wet-Nursing--Informed Decision Making-- For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Milk Banking--Milk Banking Procedures--Research Findings on Donor Milk--Selected Case Studies--Summary--Key Concepts--Internet Resources--References--Appendix 14-A: Expressing, Storing andHandling Human Milk--SECTION 4: BEYOND POSTPARTUM:-15. Maternal Nutrition During Lactation:-Maternal Caloric needs--Maternal Fluid Needs--Weight Loss--Exercise--Bariatric Surgery--Calcium needs and bone loss--Vegetarian diets--Dietary supplements--Food that pass into milk--Heavy metals and breastmilk--Allergies in breastmilk--The goal of the maternal diet during lactation--Nutrition basics--Clinical implications--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--16. Women\'s Health and Breastfeeding:- Alterations in endocrine and metabolic functioning--Acute illness and infections--Dysfunctional uterine bleeding--Maternal Immunizations --Surgery--Transplants--Donating blood--Relactation--Induced lactation--Autoimmune diseases--Physically challenged mothers--Postpartum depression--Asthma--Smoking--Poison ivy dermatitis--The Impact of maternal illness and hospitalization--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--17. Maternal Employment and Breastfeeding:- Historical perspective--The effect of work on breastfeeding--Individual strategies to manage breastfeeding and work--Returning to work--Workplace strategies to support breastfeeding and work--Community strategies to support breastfeeding and work--National and Global strategies in promoting and supporting breastfeeding--Clinical implications--Summary--Key concepts--Internet Resources--References--18. Child Health:- Developmental Outcomes and Infant Feeding--Growth and development--Theories of development--Clinical implications--Immunization--Dental health and orofacial development--Solid foods--Obesity--Long-term breastfeeding--Weaning--jImplications for practice--Summary--Internet resources--References--19. The Ill Child: Breastfeeding Implications:- Team care for the child with feeding difficulties--Feeding behaviors of the Ill Infant/Child--What to do if weight gain is inadequate--Pain management concerns--Care of the Hospitalized breastfeeding infant/child--Perioperative care of the breastfeeding infant/child--Emergency room--Care of children with selected conditions--Alterations in neurological functioning--Congenital heart disease--Oral/Facial anolalies--Gastrointestinal Anomalies and Disorders--Metabolic Dysfunction--Allergies--Food intolerance--Psychosocial concerns--The empty cradle ... when a child dies--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--20. Infant Assessment:- Perinatal History--Gestational age assessment--Indicators of effective breastfeeding and assessment scales--Physical Assessment--Behavioral assessment--Summary--Key concepts--References--Appendix 20-A: Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT)--Appendix 20-B: LATCH assessment tool--Appendix 20-C: Mother-Baby assessment scale--21. Fertility, Sexuality, and Contraception during lactation:- Fertility--Sexuality--Contraception--Clinical implications--Summary--Key Concepts References--SECTION 5: SOCIOCULTURAL AND RESEARCH ISSUES: 22. Research, Theory, and Lactation:- Theories related to lactation practice--Origins of research methodologies--Types of research methods--Elements of research--Application of methods to Qualitative Approaches--Application of Methods to Quantitative Approaches--Evaluating research for use in practice--Using research in clinical practice--Summary--Key concepts--Internet resources--References--Appendix 22-A: Research terms--23. Breastfeeding Education:- Introduction--Educational lprograms--The internet--Learning principles--Adult Education--Curriculum development--Health Professional Curricula--Parent education--Prenatal education--Early breastfeeding education--How effective is breastfeeding education?--Teaching strategies--Small group dynamics--Multimedia presentations--Educational Materials--Continuing education--The team approach--Summary--Key concepts--Internet Resources--References--24. The Cultural Context of Breastfeeding:- The Dominant Culture--Ethnocentrism vs. Relativism--Assessing Cultural Practices--Language barriers--The effects of culture on breastfeeding--Maternal foods--Weaning--Implications for Practice--Summary Key Concepts Internet Resources--References--25. The Family and Social Context of Breastfeeding:- Family forms and functions--Family theory--Social factors that influence breastfeeding--Fathers--The Adolescent Mother--The Adoptive Mother and Family--The Low-Income Family--The downside of family experience--Summary--Key Concepts--Internet Resources--Other Resources--References.